What Is the Pyramid Training System and How to Utilize It Peer Reviewed Article
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Sep; 17(17): 6115.
Furnishings of Pyramid Resistance-Training System with Dissimilar Repetition Zones on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Alex South. Ribeiro
1Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Concrete Teaching and Sports Center, Londrina State University, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; moc.liamg@ms.sotnas.ordnael (Fifty.d.South.); rb.moc.notork@oriebirs.xela (A.Southward.R.); moc.liamg@irelemotileisirc (C.Thou.T.); moc.liamg@zecragcnelleh (H.C.G.N.); moc.liamg@etnaramasuehtam (G.A.Northward.); moc.liamg@oacirtunroinuj (P.S.J.); moc.liamg@sednanref.r.ogirdor (R.R.F.); moc.liamg@onirycnoslide (Due east.Due south.C.)
2Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, 86041-140 Londrina, PR, Brazil
Matheus A. Nascimento
1Metabolism, Nutrition, and Practice Laboratory, Concrete Education and Sports Eye, Londrina State University, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; moc.liamg@ms.sotnas.ordnael (L.d.S.); rb.moc.notork@oriebirs.xela (A.Southward.R.); moc.liamg@irelemotileisirc (C.M.T.); moc.liamg@zecragcnelleh (H.C.1000.N.); moc.liamg@etnaramasuehtam (1000.A.North.); moc.liamg@oacirtunroinuj (P.Due south.J.); moc.liamg@sednanref.r.ogirdor (R.R.F.); moc.liamg@onirycnoslide (E.S.C.)
threeParaná State Academy—UNESPAR, Paranavaí Campus, 87703-000 Paranavaí, PR, Brazil
Stefania Toselli
5Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Academy of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; ti.obinu@illesot.ainafets
Luís B. Sardinha
7Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal; moc.liamg@55ahnidrasbl
Received 2020 Jul 18; Accustomed 2020 Aug twenty.
Abstract
This report analyzed the effects of the pyramidal resistance training (RT) arrangement with two repetition zones on cardiovascular hazard factors in older women (≥60 years old). Fifty-nine older women were randomly assigned in three groups: not-exercise control (CON, due north = 19), narrow-pyramid system (NPR, n = 20), and broad-pyramid organisation (WPR, n = 20). Training was performed for eight weeks (eight exercises for the whole-body, 3x/calendar week) in which NPR and WPR performed three sets of 12/x/8 and 15/ten/5 repetitions, respectively. Regional body fat was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood parameters related to glycemic, lipid, and inflammatory profiles were assessed. After the grooming period, although no difference was observed for the magnitude of the changes between NPR and WPR, meaning group by time interactions indicated benefits with RT compared to CON for reducing trunk fat (mainly android torso fatty; −seven%) and improving glucose, HDL-C, LDL-C and C-reactive protein (p < 0.05). Blended z-score of cardiovascular risk, created past the average of the intervention effects on the outcomes, indicate like responses between NPR and WPR, differing from CON (p < 0.001). Results point that both the repetition zones of the pyramidal RT reduced similarly the cardiovascular risk in older women.
Keywords: trunk composition, strength training, cardiometabolic hazard, elderly
one. Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main causes of morbimortality in women worldwide [1]. Menopause and crumbling are related to increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ectopic fat accumulation, and torso fat redistribution extending from the limb region to the trunk [2,3,4]. Increases in visceral adiposity have been associated with inflammation [5] and recurrent cardiovascular events [4]. This scenario can be counteracted with exercise, whereby resistance grooming (RT) is recommended equally ane of the chief modalities for older people [6,7,eight,9]. Increments in skeletal muscle part and mass are the main RT-related benefits [6], which are related to reduced adiposity levels, past improving resting metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and metabolic action of muscle tissue [6,7,9].
The effectiveness of RT is associated with the appropriated manipulation of variables related to intensity and volume [vi,ten,xi]. Electric current show suggests that increases in strength are more dependent on the intensity of load, while muscle hypertrophy is related to the RT volume [12,xiii,xiv,15,16]. Yet, the best approach to improve CVD risk factors in older women is notwithstanding unknown [vi,vii,17,18]. Recently, our group showed that traditional RT, even at low volume (ane set per exercise, x–15 repetitions-maximum (RM), 3x/week–non-consecutive days) improved total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucose (GLU), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in untrained older women [19]. Moreover, nosotros observed that performing a higher volume (3 sets per exercise, x–xv RM) resulted in greater improvements [eighteen].
In another study, we compared the effects of the traditional (three sets of 8–12 RM) vs. the pyramidal (12/10/8 RM in the starting time, 2nd, and 3rd set, respectively) RT systems for viii weeks on CVD risk factors and observed adaptations of similar magnitudes between them [xx]. The crescent-pyramid RT organisation is a preparation strategy that allows the combination of loftier mechanical and metabolic stimuli by combining simultaneous decreases in the volume of repetitions and increases in the intensity of load throughout the sets [20,21,22,23]. Notwithstanding, the progression of the training loads depends on the number of repetitions to be performed. The utilise of a wider zone (i.e., 15/10/5 RM throughout the three sets) is posited to let an overload relatively more accentuated then promote better results compared to a narrow repetition-zone (i.e., 12/10/8 RM), as nosotros already tested [twenty,21]. That is, due to its inherent characteristic of larger variations in loads and the number of repetitions, this approach allows exercise functioning at college overload with similar volume, thus providing a favorable anabolic environs for increasing strength and muscle hypertrophy [22]. Indeed, we take recently observed a benefit for the wide-pyramid compared to the narrow pyramid (15/10/v RM vs. 12/10/8 RM) for improving muscular strength (e.g., elbow flexors forcefulness = broad: +18%; narrow: +11%) and appendicular musculus mass (wide: +8%; narrow: +four%) [22]. Nonetheless, its effects on other body limerick outcomes or CVD risk factors still crave further investigation.
Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of the pyramid systems with narrow and wide repetitions zones on CVD risk factors in older women. Considering that college training volume may induce more than pregnant fat loss [xviii,24], greater muscle growth may be related to a reduction in CVD hazard factors [vi,seven,ix], and the preliminary results on muscle function show a favorable do good for the wide repetition-zone pyramid [22,23], we hypothesized that the broader repetition-zone pyramid training would induce better adaptations on body fatty and claret markers related to glycemic, lipid, and inflammatory profiles.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
The present study is part of a longitudinal research project named "Agile Aging Longitudinal Study", initiated in 2012. Its purpose is to analyze the effects of supervised, structured, and progressive RT programs on neuromuscular, morphological, physiological, and metabolic outcomes in older women [22,23]. A randomized controlled trial was carried out over 12 weeks, with eight weeks dedicated to the RT program, and four weeks for data collection. Pre- and post-intervention testing was carried out at weeks 1–2 and 11–12, respectively, and comprised anthropometric, body composition, and metabolic biomarkers measurements. The RT program was carried out during weeks 3–10. Adherence to the RT program was established as >85% of the full sessions. The procedures were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Londrina State University Ethics Committee approved this investigation (committee opinion number: one.306.507). No adverse event occurred during the intervention menses.
ii.2. Subjects
Recruitment was carried out through the paper, tv set programs, radio advertisings, and home delivery of leaflets in the fundamental expanse and residential neighborhoods. Interested individuals completed detailed health history and physical action questionnaires. Participants were later on admitted to the report if they met specific inclusion criteria: female person, ≥lx years one-time, physically contained, free from cardiac dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and not performing whatsoever regular physical do for more than in one case a calendar week over the half dozen months preceding the beginning of the written report. Participants passed a diagnostic test by a cardiologist (resting 12-atomic number 82 electrocardiogram test, personal interview, and treadmill stress test when deemed necessary). All were released with no restrictions for participation in this report. 50-nine physically independent older women (67.3 ± 4.four years, 66.5 ± 12.6 kg, one.55 ± 0.1 m, 27.vi ± 5.0 kg.k− 2) were selected and randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group (CON, n = xix), instructed not to engage in any physical exercise training program during the menses of the intervention and to maintain their customary eating and physical activeness patterns; pyramid RT system with narrow repetition zone (NPR, due north = 20), in which participants performed three sets of 12/10/8 RM per exercise, respectively; or pyramid RT organisation with wider repetition zone (WPR, north = xx), in which participants performed three sets of 15/10/five RM per exercise, respectively. This last number of subjects reached the necessary for this experiment, co-ordinate to the sample size adding (repeated measures, moderate effect size = 0.l, α = 0.05, power = 0.80). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants afterward a detailed description of study procedures was provided.
2.three. Body Composition
Full body fatty (TBF), android trunk fat (ABF), and gynoid trunk fat (GBF) were assessed using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (Lunar Prodigy, model NRL 41990, GE Lunar, Madison, WI, United states of america). Before scanning, participants were instructed to remove all objects containing metallic. Calibration and scans were performed per the manufacturer'south education transmission. A laboratory technician carried out both calibration and assay. Analyses during the intervention were performed by the same technician who was blinded to the intervention. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for TBF, ABF, and GBF were ≥0.98, while standard error of measurement (SEM) were 0.90 kg, 0.25 kg, and 0.41 kg for TBF, ABF, and GBF, respectively.
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
Later on a 12-h fast, a laboratory technician collected blood samples from each bailiwick from the antecubital vein. The subjects were instructed to avoid alcohol or caffeinated beverages 72 h before drove and not perform the vigorous practice for the preceding 24 h. Samples were deposited in vacuum tubes with a gel separator without anticoagulant and were centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm for serum separation. Measurements of serum levels of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined by standard methods in a specialized laboratory at University Hospital. The depression-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) was estimated using the Friedewald equation [25]. The analyses were carried out using a biochemical car-analyzer organisation (Dimension RxL Max—Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature, consistent with the manufacturer'due south recommendations.
two.v. Resistance Training Program
The supervised RT program was performed three times a week (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays) for over eight weeks. Training took place in the morn and was based on recommendations for RT in an older population to improve musculus hypertrophy and muscular strength [6]. Physical Didactics professionals personally supervised (ane–2 supervisors per exercise) all participants throughout each preparation session to reduce deviations from the study protocol and to ensure participant safety. Participants performed RT using a combination of gratis weights and machines. The RT protocol consisted of a whole-body program with viii exercises performed in the following order: chest press, horizontal leg press, seated row, leg extension, preacher curl, leg whorl, triceps pushdown, and seated calf raise. Participants performed either three sets of 12/ten/8 RM (NPR) or 15/10/5 RM (WPR) with incrementally higher loads for each set (crescent pyramid) [21,22,23]. The supervisors adjusted the 12/x/8RM and 15/x/5RM loads of each exercise according to the participant's ability and improvements in practice capacity throughout the study to ensure that participants used every bit much resistance as possible while maintaining proper technique. The load was increased ii–5% for the exercises of the upper limbs and 5–10% for the lower limbs. The participants were instructed to inhale during the eccentric muscle action and exhale during the concentric muscle action, while maintaining the velocity of motility at a ratio of i:2 s for the concentric and eccentric phases, respectively. The rest interval ranged between sixty–120 s for sets and 120–180 s for exercises. Participants were instructed not to perform any other type of physical do throughout the study catamenia. The loads and the number of repetitions performed during each gear up of the 8 exercises were individually recorded for each training session. The volume for each fix of all exercises was calculated by multiplying the load by the number of repetitions. The volume of each do per session was calculated equally the sum of the volume of all three sets for each exercise. The total volume load per session was calculated as the sum of all eight exercises. The weekly volume-load (WVL) was calculated by summing the three training sessions performed in i week. Increases in WVL throughout the RT program were calculated every bit the WVL of the 8th week minus the WVL of the first calendar week.
2.vi. Dietary Intake
Food intake was assessed past the 24-h dietary recall method applied on two non-consecutive days of the calendar week, with the assistance of a photographic record taken during an interview. Dietary intake was monitored in the first and last two weeks of the intervention period. The homemade measurements of the nutritional values of food were converted into grams and milliliters by the online software Virtual Nutri Plus (Keeple®, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) for diet analysis. Some foods were non found in the programme database and, therefore, these items were added from food tables.
2.7. Statistical Analyses
The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to clarify the distribution of data. A paired-samples t-exam was performed to compare the total training volume of NPR and WPR groups. Data from all randomized participants have used an intention-to-treat assay. Baseline data were repeated on post-intervention on dropouts. Generalized estimated equations (GEE) analyses were practical to investigate the furnishings of intervention over time within and betwixt groups. Bonferroni post hoc test was adopted when pregnant effects on group, time, or interaction were confirmed. Result size (ES) was calculated as pre-training mean minus post-training mean divided by the pooled pre-grooming standard difference [26]. An ES of 0.00–0.nineteen was considered every bit little, 0.20–0.49 was considered small, 0.50–0.79 was considered moderate, and ≥0.fourscore was considered large [26]. The z-score of the percentage changes (from pre- to mail-training) of the raw data for each parameter was calculated. A composite z-score derived from the average of the components was then calculated as the following formula: (TBF z-score + GLU z-score + TC z-score + TG z-score − HDL-C z-score + LDL-C z-score + CRP z-score)/7. For all statistical analyses, statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. The data were stored and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, 5. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, U.s.).
3. Results
50-five participants completed the intervention (CON = eighteen, NPR = nineteen, and WPR = eighteen) and iv dropouts were registered, due to personal reasons (CON = 1) or grooming compliance lower than 85% (NPR = 1, WPR = two). Baseline data were repeated in post-intervention in these cases. The total training book was college (p < 0.001) in WPR than in NPR (thirteen,728.5 ± 950.9 kg vs. 12,534.3 ± 926.1 kg, respectively), as well every bit in that location were the greater progression in training loads and muscular strength gains favoring WPR [22]. There were no pregnant differences (p > 0.05) in macronutrients and daily relative energy inside and betwixt groups. Boilerplate intake was similar between them for carbohydrate (CON = three.four ± 1.two; NPR = 3.0 ± 1.0; WPR = 3.1 ± 1.0 g.kg.d−one), protein (CON = ane.0 ± 0.3; NPR = ane.0 ± 1.5; WPR = ane.0 ± 0.2 g.kg.d−ane), lipid (CON = 0.7 ± 0.2; NPR = 0.seven ± 0.3; WPR = 0.7 ± 0.two m.kg.d−1), and full free energy (CON = 24.8 ± 7.4; NPR = 21.2 ± vii.8; WPR = 22.0 ± 5.six kcal.kg.d−i). Table ane presents the results on body fatty at pre- and post-intervention according to groups. At that place was a significant interaction group by time in android body fatty (p < 0.05) with increments in the CON group and a similar reduction for NPR and WPR. Compared to CON group, the ES of pre-to-post training changes (i.e., ES of training grouping minus ES of CON) were of trivial magnitude for total trunk fatty (ES: NPR = −0.14; WPR = −0.16), minor for android body fat (ES: NPR = −0.44; WPR = −0.53) and trivial for gynoid body fatty (ES: NPR = −0.11; WPR = −0.12).
Table ane
Body fatty at pre- and post-intervention according to groups.
| Variables | Control (n = xix) | Narrow Repetition Zone (n = 20) | Wide Repetition Zone (north = xx) | Interaction p−Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total trunk fat (kg) | Pre | 28.0 ± ten.5 | 26.8 ± 8.9 | 29.2 ± seven.9 | 0.14 |
| 28.8 ± 11.eight | 26.4 ± 10.0 * | 28.6 ± seven.8 * | |||
| ∆% | +two.8 | −one.5 | −2.i | ||
| Android trunk fat (kg) | Pre | 2.v ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 0.viii | ii.8 ± 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Post | 2.8 ± i.0 * | 2.v ± 0.nine * | 2.6 ± 1.2 * | ||
| ∆% | +x.viii | −4.iii | −eight.ane | ||
| Gynoid body fat (kg) | Pre | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 5.i ± 1.6 | 5.i ± 1.3 | 0.63 |
| Post | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± i.7 * | v.0 ± 1.2 * | ||
| ∆% | +0.4 | −2.0 | −ii.0 | ||
The effects on metabolic biomarker parameters are shown in Figure 1. Significant interaction group by time (p < 0.001) demonstrated benefits with RT for HDL-C (p < 0.001; CON = −6.1%; NPR = +ten.3%; WPR = +9.4%), LDL-C (p < 0.001; CON = +3.nine%; NPR = −10.9%; WPR = −eight.three%), and CRP (p < 0.001; CON = +2.3%; NPR = −16.7%; WPR = −14.7%), all the same with similar magnitudes between NPR and WPR groups. Although the GLU have not been modified with RT, a pregnant group by time interaction effect was observed (p < 0.001), with an increase in the CON (+7.2%). For TC and TG, NPR and WPR groups had significant reductions pre-to-mail service training, while CON had no change, and meaning group past fourth dimension interaction effects were non observed (0.05 < p < 0.xv). The ES of pre-to-post changes were of small-to-moderate magnitude for GLU (ES: NPR = −0.33; WPR = −0.22), TC (ES: NPR = −0.10; WPR = −0.fifteen), TG (ES: NPR = −0.13; WPR = −0.eleven), HDL-C (ES: NPR = 0.47; WPR = 0.42), LDL-C (ES: NPR = −0.45; WPR = −0.30) and CRP (ES: NPR = −0.31; WPR = −0.twenty). The Z-score of CVD risk factors, created by the average of the intervention effects on the outcomes, point similar responses between NPR and WPR, differing from CON (Figure 2).
Blood markers at pre- and post-intervention according to groups. NPR = narrow repetition-zone pyramid training; WPR = wide repetition-zone pyramid training; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C = depression-density lipoprotein; CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive poly peptide. * p < 0.05 vs. pre.
Composite Z-score of the percentage changes from pre- to post-grooming of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) adventure according to groups in older women. CON = control group; NPR = narrow repetition-zone pyramid grooming; WPR = wide repetition-zone pyramid training; * p < 0.05 vs. NPR and WPR.
4. Discussion
The main finding of our study was that the crescent-pyramid RT organisation resulted in an attenuation of CVD hazard factors following eight weeks of intervention in untrained older women. No difference between WPR and NPR was observed. Despite the college book–load performed past the WPR group, this did non influence the results, contradicting our initial hypothesis.
The mechanisms past which RT-induced trunk fat loss occurs, particularly ectopic fat deposited in the android region, have not notwithstanding been fully elucidated [2,3,4,27]. Yet, it is possible that due to college levels of estrogen and progesterone in older women, an increment in lipid oxidation rates occurs during exercise [six]. Moreover, in senescence, body fat becomes dysfunctional and is redistributed from subcutaneous to visceral and intra-abdominal deposits, beyond ectopic sites, including os marrow, musculus, and liver [27]. Strategies to reduce regional body fat are then accounted necessary. Previous RT interventions with durations of 12 and 24 weeks showed reductions in android fatty of −3% [28] and −12% [29] in untrained older women, indicating a benefit for the RT, and that training effects may be dose-response [24,thirty]. In parallel, we observed a reduction in android fat of 8% and 4% for WPR and NPR, respectively. However, this deviation was not significant. Nonetheless, the CON group gained 11% fat. In this sense, the ES of the changes in body fat was of trivial to small magnitudes for training groups, compared to CON.
The increase in android fat deposits, peculiarly visceral fat, enhances the chance of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, by also inducing negative changes in metabolic blood profiles [2,3,4]. In our study, although no deviation was institute for GLU in the training groups, significant increases were revealed in the CON grouping (+viii.0 mg.dL−1), indicating a clinical benefit for the RT on attenuating increases of this parameter over time, due to the lack of practise practice. Although the glucose metabolism does not seem to be affected past the RT acutely [31], reductions induced by the continuous training was an expected response, considering the glycolytic demands for energy product associated with the exercise model [32]. Additionally, meliorations in glycemic and lipid profiles induced past RT have been related to body fat decreases [18].
The association between effects on torso fat and lipid profile concerns the insulin-resistance condition and the increased circulating levels of free fat acids and their impact on fat tissue [33]. In these circumstances, there are increases in the formation of large TG-rich LDL particles, which then decreases the expression of key enzymes related to fatty loss in the plasma, such as the lipoprotein lipase [18,33]. In the same style, our results revealed pregnant reductions in CRP for both preparation groups, without departure between them. Indeed, RT seems to be a valid intervention strategy for improving inflammatory indicators such every bit the CRP [xix,24,34,35]. Attenuating inflammation level is essential in the elderly considering it is associated with numerous aging-related diseases, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney dysfunction [36].
Some issues of the current experiment are worth noting. The 8-week intervention catamenia may not take been sufficient to differentiate the adaptive responses to the dissimilar repetition zones. Considering that some adaptations on the markers here explored are time-dependent [24], changes within and between groups would be more pronounced with longer training interventions. Additionally, although DXA is well established equally a valid measure for determining trunk composition, subtle changes in body adiposity and changes in visceral fat would be detected with differents imaging equipment, such as computed tomography. Moreover, although we instructed women not to engage in whatever other concrete do while participating in the study (of the 3 groups), no strict control was possible. No physical activity questionnaires were performed to guarantee such a point. On the other mitt, monitoring habitual food consumption and the individual supervision of the RT sessions are strengths of the present work.
five. Conclusions
Our results indicate that narrow or broad repetitions zones of the pyramidal RT system similarly reduced the cardiovascular chance factors in older women. The use of the pyramid training organisation may exist an interesting alternative to the traditional scheme for the prescription of RT to older women since information technology allows to train with a progressive overload for each set and gradually increment the muscle stimuli, which makes work more efficient and the training session more motivating and challenging.
Acknowledgments
The authors would similar to limited thank you to all the participants for their engagement in this written report, the Coordination of Comeback of College Education Personnel (CAPES/Brazil) for the scholarship conferred to J.P.N., 50.d.S., H.C.M.N., and R.R.F., and the CNPq/Brazil for the grants conceded to E.S.C.
Writer Contributions
Conceptualization, L.d.South., A.S.R., J.P.Northward., C.M.T., H.C.K.N., One thousand.A.N., P.S.J., R.R.F., F.C., South.T., D.V., D.S.B., L.B.S. and East.S.C.; Data curation, L.d.Due south.; Formal assay, L.d.South.; Funding acquisition, D.V., D.Due south.B., L.B.Due south. and E.S.C.; Investigation, Fifty.d.S., A.S.R., J.P.N., C.Grand.T., H.C.G.N., Thou.A.N., P.S.J. and R.R.F.; Methodology, Fifty.d.S., A.S.R., L.B.South. and E.South.C.; Project administration, L.d.S., A.S.R., J.P.N., C.1000.T., H.C.G.Due north., M.A.N., P.S.J. and R.R.F.; Resources, East.Due south.C.; Supervision, 50.d.S., A.S.R., J.P.N., C.M.T., H.C.G.N., M.A.N., P.S.J. and R.R.F.; Writing—original draft, L.S.; Writing—review & editing, 50.d.South., A.S.R., J.P.N., C.M.T., H.C.Yard.North., Yard.A.N., P.Southward.J., R.R.F., F.C., S.T., D.V., D.Southward.B., Fifty.B.South. and Due east.S.C. All authors take read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This report was partially supported past the Ministry of Pedagogy (MEC/Brazil) and National Quango of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq/Brazil).
Conflicts of Involvement
The authors declare no disharmonize of involvement.
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Articles from International Periodical of Ecology Research and Public Health are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Found (MDPI)
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503540/
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