A Comprehensive Review of Extant Research on Crisis Intervention Team (Cit) Programs

Amnesty International (1999). Us of America : Race, rights and police force brutality. New York : Amnesty International Reports. Link to Article.

Andruikaitis SM, Murphy J, Kammerer M, et al (2006). The Chicago Community Reintegration Collaborative. Presented at the 2d Annual CIT Conference, Orlando FL, September 2006.

Bahora, M., Hanafi, S. Chien, V.H., & Compton, M. (2008). Preliminary evidence of effects of Crunch Intervention Team grooming on self-efficacy and social distance. Administration and Police in Mental Health and Mental Wellness Services Research, 35(iii):159-167.

Bayne WC (1987). Furor sparks call for crunch squad. Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee B1-B2, September 30, 1987.

Borum, R. (2000). Improving high adventure encounters between people with mental disease and police. Periodical of the American University of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 332-337.

Borum, R., Deane, M.W., Steadman, H.J., & Morrissey, J. (1998). Police perspectives on responding to mentally ill people in crunch: Perceptions of program effectiveness. Behavioral Sciences and the Law,16, 393-405. Link to Commodity.

In this study, we sampled sworn police officers from three police force enforcement agencies (n=452), each of which had different system responses to mentally ill people in crisis. One section relies on field help from a mobile mental health crisis team, a 2nd has a squad of officers specially trained in crisis intervention and management of mentally sick people in crisis, and a tertiary has a team of in-business firm social workers to assist in responding to calls. Calls involving mentally ill people in crisis appear to exist frequent and are perceived by most of the officers to pose a significant problem for the department; however, most officers reported feeling well prepared to handle these calls. Generally, officers from the jurisdiction with a specialized team of officers rated their program every bit being highly effective in meeting the needs of mentally sick people in crisis, keeping mentally ill people out of jail, minimizing the amount of time officers spend on these calls, and maintaining community rubber. Officers from departments relying on a mobile crisis unit (MCU) and on constabulary-based social workers both rated their programs as beingness moderately effective on each of these dimensions except for minimizing officer fourth dimension on these calls where the MCU had significantly lower ratings.

Borum, R., Swanson, J., Swartz, K., Hiday, 5. (1998). Substance abuse, violent behavior and law encounters amongst people with severe mental disorders. Journal of Gimmicky Criminal Justice, 12, 236-250.*

In this sample of 331 people with severe mental disorders, 20% reported being arrested or picked up by police for a law-breaking at some time in the iv-month period before their hospital admission, nearly usually for alcohol or drug offenses or crimes of public disorder (e.thousand., loitering or trespassing). Risk of a law run across was significantly related to (a) recent utilise of booze or drugs and (b) recent violent beliefs. Notwithstanding, substance use appeared to exist related to police force encounters only when medication noncompliance was likewise involved. Thus, violent behavior and the combination of medication noncompliance and substance use significantly increased the odds of a police encounter.

Bower, D.L. & Pettit, W.Thousand. (2001). The Albuquerque police force departments crisis intervention team. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 70(2), i-half dozen. Link to Article.

Burtenshaw S, Smith D (2007). CIT in Canada - innovations and developments. Presented at the 3rd Annual CIT Conference, Memphis, TN, August 2007.

Chang CF, Kiser LJ, Bailey JE, et al (1998). Tennessee's Failed Managed Intendance Plan of Mental Health and Substance Corruption Services. Journal of American Medical Associations, 279:864-9, 1998.

CIT National Advisory Board (2006). Crunch Intervention Team Core Elements. University of Memphis CIT Center, December, 2006. Link to Commodity.

Dirt, R. (2000, Jump). Jail diversion programs enhance intendance. SAMHSA News. VIII(2), i-5.

Cochran, Southward., (2002). The Crisis Intervention Team model in action. Customs Mental Health Report. two, 31.

Cochran, S., (2004). Fighting stigma in law enforcement: The bulletin has come from the eye. Address Bigotry and Stigma Center .

Cochran, S., Deane, M.W., & Borum, R. (2000). Improving police response to mentally ill people. Psychiatric Services, 51, 1315-1316. Link to Commodity.

Cochran, S., Dupont, R., Hopkins, T., Farrell, D., Boyette, D., & McDade, Chiliad. (1996). The Memphis Police force Crunch Intervention Team: More but training. Presented at the almanac meeting of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Nashville, Tennessee.*

Compton, G.T., Broussard, B. Hankerson-Dyson, D., Stewart, T., Olive, J.R., & Watson, A.C. (2010). System and policy-level challenges to full implementation of the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 10(1-two): 72-85.

Compton, M.T. & Chien, V.H. (2008). Factors related to noesis retentiveness after Crisis Intervention Squad training for police force officers. Psychiatric Services, 59(9): 1049-1051.

Compton, M.T., Demir, B.N., McGriff, J.A., Morgan, R., &Olive, J.R. (2011).  Use of strength and perceived effectiveness of actions amongst Crisis Intervention Squad (CIT) police officers and non-CIT officers in an escalating crisis involving a subject field with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(iv): 737-745.

Compton , G.T., Esterberg, M.L., McGee, R., Kotwicki, R.J., & Oliva, J.R. (2006). Cursory reports: Crisis Intervention Team Grooming: Changes in noesis, attitudes, and stigma related to schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1199-1202. Link to Article.

Crisis intervention squad (CIT) preparation provides police officers with knowledge and skills to improve their responses to individuals with mental illnesses. This study adamant changes in noesis, attitudes, and social altitude related to schizophrenia amongst constabulary officers after CIT training. METHODS: A survey was administered to 159 officers immediately before and after a xl-hour CIT training program in Georgia. Pre- and posttest information were gathered from surveys taken between Dec 2004 and July 2005. RESULTS: After the training, officers reported improved attitudes regarding aggressiveness amidst individuals with schizophrenia, became more supportive of treatment programs for schizophrenia, evidenced greater knowledge most schizophrenia, and reported less social distance toward individuals with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: This report supports the hypothesis that an educational plan for law enforcement officers may reduce stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with schizophrenia.

Compton, Michael T, Masuma Bahora, Amy C. Watson, Janet R. Oliva. (2008). A Comprehensive Review of Extant Inquiry on Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Programs. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36, 47-55. Link to Article.

Cowell, A., Broner, North. & Dupont, R. (2004).The toll-effectiveness of criminal justice diversion programs for people with serious mental illness co-occurring with substance abuse: Four Case Studies. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 20, 292-314. Link to Commodity.

Many cities, counties, and states take criminal justice diversion or jail diversion programs, in which those committing low-level offenses and who have mental illness or substance corruption are diverted from the criminal justice system into treatment. However, there is little existing testify on the cost and cost-effectiveness of such programs. This article presents the outset such estimates for four sites. Estimates of the impact of diversion on both costs and effectiveness varied across the sites. This variation likely reflects heterogeneity in the structure and implementation of the programs beyond the sites. Directions for future research are suggested.

Cordner, Yard. (2000). A Community policing approach to persons with mental illness. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Police, 28, 326-331.

Cordner, G. (2006). People with mental illness. Retrieved June 30, 2006. Link to Article.

Quango on State Governments: Criminal justice/mental health consensus project (2002). Council of Land Regime Reports, 2002.

Dailey J (2005). Family and Consumer Perspectives on Interaction with Constabulary Enforcement During a Crisis - The Louisville CIT Program. Presented at the 1st Annual CIT Conference, Columbus OH, May 2005.

Dank, N.R., & Kulishoff, Yard. (1993). An alternative to the incarceration of the mentally sick. Periodical of Prison and Jail Health, 3, 95-100.*

Dawson B, McGray K (2007). Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program (CPEP): An Essential Component for CIT Success. Presented at the 3rd Annual CIT Briefing, Memphis TN, Baronial 2007.

Deane, 1000.W., Steadman, H.J., Borum, R., Veysey, B.M., & Morrissey, J.P. (1999). Emerging partnerships between mental wellness and police force enforcement. Psychiatric Services, 50, 99-101. Link to Commodity.

Police departments in the 194 U.South. cities with a population of 100,000 or more were surveyed in 1996 to place strategies they used to obtain input from the mental health system about dealing with mentally ill persons. A total of 174 departments responded (ninety percent). Ninety-six departments had no specialized response for dealing with mentally ill persons. Amongst the 78 departments with special programs, 3 basic strategies were found: a police-based specialized police response, a police-based specialized mental health response, and a mental-health-based specialized mental health response. At least two-thirds of all departments, fifty-fifty those with no specialized response plan, rated themselves every bit moderately or very effective in dealing with mentally ill persons in crisis.

Deane M, Steadman H, Borum R, et al (1997). Effective Mental Health Partnerships Within Community Policing Initiatives. Presented at the 126th Annual Coming together of the American Public Health Clan, Washington DC, November 1997.

Demir, B., Broussard, B., Goulding, Southward.Yard.& Compton, M.T. (2009). Beliefs well-nigh causes of schizophrenia amidst police officers before and after Crisis Intervention Team grooming. Community Mental Health Periodical, 45(5):385-392.

Ditton, P. M.. (1999) Mental health handling of inmates and probationers. U.S. Section of Justice Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Dowd, J. (2004) Crossing the line: Formal training tin can transform relations between the constabulary and mental health services. Mental Wellness Today, iv, 14-15.*

Draine, J., & Solomon, P. (1999). Describing and evaluation jail diversion services for persons with serious mental disease. Psychiatric Services, fifty, 56-61. Link to Commodity.

Despite efforts over the final xxx years to promote diversion from jail for individuals with serious mental illness who have engaged in criminal beliefs, few jail diversion programs have been adequately studied. To guide development of jail diversion services and encourage empirical research on their effectiveness, the authors describe the overall concept of jail diversion and the basic operations of such a program. They likewise outline research issues in evaluating the effectiveness of jail diversion programs, including problems encountered in randomized field trials and quasi-experimental designs. Implications of jail diversion services for mental health professionals include learning how to collaborate with law enforcement personnel, sufficiently integrating mental health and substance abuse services into the criminal justice system despite segregated funding streams, and ensuring that clients who are intensively monitored are also provided with adequate treatment to avoid jail recidivism.

Dupont, R. (2008). The Crisis Intervention Team Model: An Intersection Indicate for the Criminal Justice System and the Psychiatric Emergency Service. In R. Glick, et al. Emergency Psychiatry: Principles and Practice. (pp. 381-392). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams

Dupont, RT (2002). Final Report: Criminal Justice Diversion Project. Rockwell, MD, Section of Wellness and Man Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2002.

Dupont, RT. (2001). Reducing the apply of strength: Law enforcement models. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. New Orleans, LA, May 2001

Dupont, R (2001). How the Crisis Intervention Team Model enhances policing and improves community mental health. Community Health Study, 2(1), 3-4.

Dupont, RT. The Crunch Intervention Model and Community Mental Wellness Services. Community Mental Heath Report, three:iii-eight.

Dupont, RT (2001). A Existent Chance at Recovery - Shelby County Detoxification Program. Shelby Canton Government Newsletter: County Lines iii:1-5.

Dupont, R. & Cochran, S. (2001). Law and mental wellness linked programs: Promising Practices-The CIT Model. In G. Landsberg & A. Smiley (Eds.), Serving mentally ill offenders and their victims. New York , Springer Publishing.

Dupont, R., & Cochran, S. (2000). Police response to mental health emergencies: Barriers to change. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 338-344.

El-Mallakh, R.S., Wulfman, G., Smock, W. & Blaser, E. (2003). Implementation of a Crisis Intervention Plan for police response to mental wellness emergencies in Louisville. Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association, 101(6), 241-243.

Elpers JR (1989). Public Mental Wellness Funding in California, 1959-1989. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, twoscore:799-804.

Engel, R.Southward., Silver, Due east. (2001). Policing mentally ill matted suspects: A reexamination of the criminalization hypothesis. Criminology, 39, 225-252.*

The criminalization hypothesis is based on the assumption that law inappropriately use arrest to resolve encounters with mentally disordered suspects. The current study uses data nerveless from two large-calibration, multi-site field studies of police beliefs-the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN) conducted in 1996 to 1997 and the Law Services Study (PSS) conducted in 1977-to examine the human relationship betwixt suspect mental wellness and use of arrest past police force. Multivariate results show that police are not more probable to arrest mentally disordered suspects. Implications for futurity research on the criminalization hypothesis are discussed.

Fink, J.P., Weinstein, S.P. (1979). Whatever happened to psychiatry The deprofessionalization of community mental health centers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 136:406-nine.

Finn, P.Due east., & Sullivan, M. (1989). Constabulary handling of the mentally ill: sharing responsibleness with the mental health system. Journal of Criminal Justice, 17, i-14.*

The public repeatedly calls on law enforcement officers for emergency assistance with the mentally ill because police officers and deputy sheriffs provide free, effectually-the-clock service and are required to answer. However, police enforcement agencies are typically sick equipped to handle this population. On the one hand, arrest is usually an inappropriate disposition. On the other mitt, mental wellness facilities often pass up to accept law referrals due to lack of bed space. As a result, law often lose substantial time and experience considerable frustration trying to resolve incidents involving this population. In a few communities, however, law enforcement agencies and the social service system have adult formal arrangements to coordinate responsibility for handling the mentally ill. These networks salve police officers and deputy sheriffs of handling individuals whose bug are primarily psychiatric; however, when dealing with cases that do require law enforcement intervention, officers can get quick assistance from the appropriate human service provider. Each mental wellness facility, in plough, tin expect law enforcement officers to refer only those types of mentally ill persons whom the staff are qualified to help; at the aforementioned fourth dimension, facility staff tin can obtain prompt assistance from officers in emergencies involving dangerous clients. At the least, the mentally sick benefit past avoiding unnecessary involvement with the criminal justice organization; at best, they receive help from mental wellness professionals to begin to solve their problems.

Franz, S. & Borum, R. (2011). Crisis Intervention Teams may prevent arrests of people with mental illnesses. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 12(iii): 265-272.

Fyfe, J. (2000). Policing the emotionally disturbed. The Journal of the American University of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 345-347.

Gentz, D., & Goree, W. (2003). Moving past what to how: The adjacent step in responding to individuals with mental affliction. FBI Constabulary Enforcement Message, 72(11), 14-18. Link to Article.

Green, T. (1997).Police as frontline mental health workers: the decision to arrest or refer to mental wellness agencies. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 20, 469-486. Link to Article.

Hanafi, Due south., Bahora, M., Demir, B.N., & Compton, Grand.T. (2008). Incorporating Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) knowledge and skills into the daily work of police officers: A focus grouping study. Community Mental Health Journal, 44(6): 427-432.

Hails, J., & Borum R. (2003). Police grooming and specialized approaches to respond to people with mental illness. Criminal offense and Delinquency, 49, 52-61. Link to Commodity.

Lxxx-iv medium and large law enforcement agencies reported the amount of grooming provided on mental-health-related issues and the use of specialized responses for calls involving people with mental illnesses. Departments varied widely in the corporeality of training provided on mental-wellness-related topics, with a median of 6.5 hours for basic recruits and 1 hour for in-service training. Approximately one 3rd of the agencies (32%) had some specialized response for dealing with calls involving people with mental illnesses. Twenty-one percentage had a special unit or agency within the section to assist in responding to these calls; 8% had admission to a mental health mobile crisis team.

Hanson KW, Huskamp HA (2001). Behavioral Health Services under Medicaid Managed Care: The Uncertain Implications of Land Variation. Psychiatric Services, 52:447-50.

Hill, R. (2001). Civil liability and mental disease: A proactive model to mitigate claims. The Police Principal.

Husted, J.R., Charter, R.A., & Perrou, B. (1995). California law enforcement agencies and the mentally ill offender. Message if the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Police force, 23, 315-329.*

This commodity reviews the results of a survey of California police force enforcement agencies, designed to assess the experience of these agencies with mentally sick offenders (MIOs) and the training of their officers to collaborate with this population. The results suggest that most police force enforcement officers are given insufficient training to identify, manage, and appropriately refer the MIOs they are increasingly likely to meet. The data signal that, in dissimilarity to their grooming and expectations, peace officers are as probable to be called to a mental illness crisis as to a robbery. The MIO is probable to be arrested for nonviolent misdemeanors and to be screened by officers with picayune of the training or knowledge needed to divert them to appropriate mental health treatment. Respondents study that increased communication and cooperation between law enforcement and mental wellness professionals is the single greatest improvement needed for handling mental affliction crises.

 Janofsky JS, Tamburello Ac (2006). Diversion to the Mental Wellness System: Emergency Psychiatric Evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Psychiatry Constabulary 34:283-91.

Jazbec, C. A. (northward.d.). Shared Concerns: Family unit Members and Law Enforcement.

Kornman S (2006). $54 Meg Sought to Help Mentally Ill. Tucson Citizen, Tucson AZ, May iv, 2006.

Lamb, H., Weinberger, L., & DeCuir, Westward. (2002). The police and mental wellness. Psychiatric Services, 53, 1266-1271. Link to Commodity.

With deinstitutionalization and the influx into the community of persons with severe mental disease, the police force have get frontline professionals who manage these persons when they are in crisis. This commodity examines and comments on the problems raised by this phenomenon as it affects both the law enforcement and mental wellness systems. Two mutual-law principles provide the rationale for the police to accept responsibility for persons with mental illness: their ability and potency to protect the safety and welfare of the community, and their parens patriae obligations to protect individuals with disabilities. The police often fulfill the role of gatekeeper in deciding whether a person with mental affliction who has come to their attention should enter the mental health arrangement or the criminal justice system. Criminalization may event if this role is not performed accordingly. The authors describe a variety of mobile crisis teams composed of police, mental wellness professionals, or both. The demand for police officers to take training in recognizing mental disease and knowing how to access mental wellness resources is emphasized. Collaboration betwixt the constabulary enforcement and mental health systems is crucial, and the very different areas of expertise of each should be recognized and should non be confused.

Lamb, H., Weinberger, L., & Gross, B. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 75, 107-126.*

There is an increasing number of severely mentally sick persons in the criminal justice system. This article offset discusses the criminalization of persons with astringent mental illness and its causes, the part of the police force and mental health, and the treatment of mentally ill offenders and its difficulties. The authors and then offer recommendations to reduce criminalization past increased coordination between police and mental health professionals, to increase mental health training for constabulary officers, to enhance mental health services later abort, and to develop more and amend community treatment of mentally ill offenders. The necessary components of such treatment are having a handling philosophy of both theory and practice; having clear goals of treatment; establishing a close liaison betwixt treatment staff and the justice organization; agreement the demand for structure; having a focus on managing violence; and appreciating the crucial role of case direction, appropriate living arrangements, and the role of family members.

LaPorte County Sheriff's Office (2007). Employ of Forcefulness Policies. Less Lethal Working Group. Link to Article.

Lattimore, P. K., Broner, N., Sherman, R., Frisman, L., & Shafer, K. S. (2003). A comparison of prebooking and postbooking diversion programs for mentally ill substance-using individuals with justice involvement. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, xix, 30-64. Link to Article.

8 programs are described representing a multifariousness of approaches to diversion in terms of signal of criminal justice intervention (prebooking or postbooking), degree of criminal justice compulsion, blazon of linkages provided to customs-based treatment, and approaches to treatment retention. The authors also depict the characteristics of almost 1000 study participants who were diverted into these programs over an 18-month flow and examine the extent to which systematic differences are observed between prebooking and postbooking subjects, as well asamong sites in each of the diversion types. Results advise that prebooking and postbooking diversion subjects were like on most mental health indicators, but differed essentially on measures of social functioning and substance apply and criminality, with postbooking subjects scoring worse on social performance and reporting more serious substance use and criminal histories. Variability amidst sites was also observed, indicating differences in local preferences for the types of individuals deemed appropriate for diversion.

Matthews AR (1970). Observations of Police Policy and Procedures for Emergency Detention of the Mentally Ill. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Scientific discipline 61:283-95.

McGriff, J.A., Broussard, B. Demir, D.Northward., Thompson, Due north.J. & Compton, M.J. (2010). Implementing a Crunch Intervention Team (CIT) police force presence in a large international aerodrome setting. Journal of Constabulary Crunch Negotiations, 10(1-2): 153-165.

White potato, G. (1986). Improving the police response to the mentally disabled. Washington, DC: Law Executive Research Forum.

McFarland, B.H., Faulkner, L.R., Flower J.D., et al. (1989) Chronic mental illness and the criminal justice system. Infirmary and Community Psychiatry, 40, 718-23.

Memphis CIT Plan (1996). Crisis Intervention Team training transmission. Memphis Police Section, Memphis, Tennessee, October, 1996.

Miller BJ, Paschall CB, Svendsen DP (2006). Mortality and Medical Comorbidity Among Patients with Serious Mental Affliction. Psychiatric Services, 57:1482-7.

Morabito, M.S., Kerr, A.N., Watson, A., Draine, J., & Ottati, 5.  (2012). Crunch Intervention Teams and people with mental disease: Exploring the factors that influence the use of forcefulness. Crime & Delinquency, 58(one), 57-77.

Morrissey, J.P., Fagan, J.A., & Cocozza, J.J. (2009). New models of collaboration between criminal justice and mental health systems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(11): 1211-1214.

Spud, G. R. (1989). Managing persons with mental disabilities: A curriculum guide for police force trainers. Washington , D.C: Police Executive Research Forum.*

Munetz, M. R., & Griffin, P. A. (2006, April). Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an arroyo to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 4, 544-549. Link to Article.

Munetz, One thousand. R., Fitzgerald, A., & Woody, M. (2006, June). Police use of the taser with
people with mental illness in crisis. Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 6, 883-884. Link to Article.

Munetz, One thousand. R., Morrison, A., Krake, J., Young, B., & Woody, M. (2006, November). State Mental Health Policy: Statewide
implementation of the Crisis Intervention Squad Plan: The Ohio Model. . Psychiatric Services,
Vol.57, No. eleven, 1569-1571. Link to Article.

This column discusses ways that states can implement community-based all-time practices statewide, by using the crunch intervention team (CIT) model as an example. Although country mental health authorities may want to utilize a top-downward approach to ensure uniform, high-quality implementation, programs may be more than likely to succeed if they arise every bit bottom-up, grassroots innovations. Programs like CIT are specially challenging to implement because they involve collaboration betwixt circuitous systems and affect multiple stakeholders. The column describes lessons learned in Ohio in hopes of assisting other states in implementing this and other innovations.

Oliva, J.R. & Compton, MT. (2008). A statewide Crunch Intervention Team (CIT) Initiative: Evolution of the Georgia CIT program. Periodical of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36:38-46.

Oliva JR, Haynes NL, Compton MT, et al (2007). Evolution of the Georgia Crisis Intervention Team Program. Presented at the 3rd Almanac CIT Conference, Memphis, TN, August 2007.

Panzarella, R., & Alicea, J., (1997). Police tactics in incidents with mentally disturbed persons. Policing: An International Periodical of Law Strategies and Direction, xx, 326-338. Link to Article.

In recent years police departments take responded to increasing numbers of incidents involving mentally disturbed people. Data for this study were drawn from a survey of xc officers in a special unit mandated to respond to such situations and from their detailed descriptions of 90 specific incidents. Explores the types of incidents, their relative frequency, the characteristics of such incidents, and peculiarly police tactics considered to exist effective or ineffective. The articles discusses the findings in terms of police department organizational structure too equally individual officers' beliefs about the mentally disturbed and tactical choices.

Pasch South, Boehm P, Malofsky 50, et al (2007). Crisis Intervention Partners: A Unique Approach to Expanding Relationships Into the Community. Presented at the third Almanac CIT Briefing, Memphis TN, Baronial 2007.

Patch, P.C., & Arrigo, B.A. (1999). Police officer attitudes and use of discretion in situations involving the mentally ill. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 23-35. Link to Article.

Peck, 50. Jr. (2003). Police enforcement interaction with persons with mental illness. TELEMASP Bulletin, 10(1), 1-12.

Perez, A., Leifman, South., & Estrada, A. (2003). Reversing the criminalization of mental illness. Criminal offense and Delinquency, 49, 62-78. Link to Commodity.

In 1972, a federal courtroom reinforced the deinstitutionalization of state psychiatric hospitals when they held that people with mental illness accept a constitutional right to handling (Wyatt v. Stickney, 1972). Although many states released patients and closed hospitals in response to this conclusion, they neglected to provide adequate community-based treatment resulting in the unintended reinstitutionalization of this population into our country and local jails. Recently, many country and local stakeholders accept come together to address this situation. This article will talk over how the criminal justice system has become a primary mental health provider and strategies existence utilized to reform the electric current system.

Presidents New Liberty Commission on Mental Wellness (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mentalhealth intendance in america. Rockville MD, Department of Wellness and Human being Services, 2003.

Redlich, A. D. (2004). Mental illness, police interrogations, and the potential for false confession. PsychiatricServices, Vol. 55, No. i, nineteen-21. Link to Commodity.

Reuland, Thou. (2004). A guide to implementing law-based diversion programs for people with mental illness. Delmar, NY: Technical Assistance and Policy Analysis Center for Jail Diversion.Link to Article.

Reuland, Grand., and Margolis, G. (2003). Police approaches that meliorate the response to people with mental illnesses: A focus on victims [Electronic Version]. The Police Master lxx(eleven), 35-39. Link to Article.

Ritter, C., Teller, J.L., Munetz, M.R., & Bonfine, N. (2010). Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training: Selection effects and long-term changes in perceptions of mental affliction and community preparedness. Journal of Police force Crisis Negotiations, 10(1-2): 132-152.

Ritter, C., Teller, J.50., Marcussen, 1000., Munetz, Chiliad.R., & Teasdale, B. (2010). Crunch Intervention Team officer dispatch, assessment, and disposition: Interactions with individuals with astringent mental disease. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(i): xxx-38.

Ruiz, J. (1993). An interactive analysis between uniformed law enforcement officers and the mentally ill. American Journal of Law, 4, 149-177.*

Saunders, M. (2005). Orlando: Developing CIT across communities: Edifice consensus while addressing challenges. Presented at the 1st annual CIT Briefing, Columbus OH, May 2005

Saunders, M (2004). Orlando: Streamlining Crisis Services, a Customs Collaboration Try. Florida Quango for Community Mental Health Conference, Orlando FL, Oct 2004.

Sheridan E, Teplin Fifty (1981). Constabulary-referred Psychiatric Emergencies: Advantages of Customs Treatment. Journal of Community Psychology nine:140-vii.

Skeem, Jennifer, Lynne Bibeau. (2008). How Does Violence Potential Chronicle to Crisis Intervention Team Responses to Emergencies? Psychiatric Services.59(two):201-204. Link to Article.

Steadman, H.J., Barbera, Due south., & Dennis, D. (1994). A national survey of jail diversion programs for mentally ill detainees. Infirmary and Community Psychiatry, 45, 1109-1113.*

Steadman, H.J., Braff, J., & Morrissey, J. (1988). Profiling psychiatric cases evaluated in the general hospital emergency room. Psychiatric Quarterly, 59, 10-22.*

Steadman, H.J., Cocozza, J.J., & Veysey, B.Yard. (1999). Comparing outcomes for diverted and nondiverted jail detainees with mental illness. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 615-627. Link to Commodity.

Jail diversion programs have been proposed for use with persons with mental illnesses. While much support exists for these programs in theory, little is known about their characteristics, the individuals they divert, or their effectiveness. The electric current study focuses on identifying the characteristics of persons diverted through a court-based program in one midwestern city and their outcomes during the commencement 2 months after diversion. Information on participants (north = lxxx) was gathered through detainee interviews, staff interviews, and tape abstracts. Two factors appear to be important in diversion: (1) community risk and (2) availability of specialized programs for diverted offenders. Demographic, clinical, and social context variables appear to influence diversion decisions. Overall, the diverted and nondiverted groups did approximately the aforementioned upon release, only one third of the nondiverted grouping never got released during the follow-up

Steadman, H.J., Deane, M.W., Borum, R. & Morrissey, J.P. (2000). Comparing outcomes of major models of police responses to mental health emergencies. Psychiatric Services, 51, 645-649. Link to Article.

The written report compared three models of police responses to incidents involving people thought to accept mental illnesses to decide how often specialized professionals responded and how often they were able to resolve cases without abort. METHODS: Three report sites representing distinct approaches to police force treatment of incidents involving persons with mental illness were examined- Birmingham, Alabama; and Knoxville and Memphis, Tennessee. At each site, records were examined for approximately 100 constabulary dispatch calls for "emotionally disturbed persons" to examine the extent to which the specially trained professionals responded. To determine differences in instance dispositions, records were also examined for 100 incidents at each site that involved a specialized response. RESULTS: Large differences were found beyond sites in the proportion of calls that resulted in a specialized response-28 percent for Birmingham, xl per centum for Knoxville, and 95 pct for Memphis. Ane reason for the differences was the availability in Memphis of a crunch drop-off center for persons with mental illness that had a no-refusal policy for police force cases. All three programs had relatively low arrest rates when a specialized response was made, 13 percent for Birmingham, 5 percent for Knoxville, and 2 percent for Memphis. Birmingham's programme was nigh likely to resolve an incident on the scene, whereas Knoxville'southward program predominantly referred individuals to mental health specialists. CONCLUSIONS: Our data strongly suggest that collaborations between the criminal justice arrangement, the mental health system, and the advocacy community plus essential services reduce the inappropriate use of U.S. jails to house persons with acute symptoms of mental disease.

 Steadman, H.J., Deane, Chiliad.W., Morrissey, J.P., Salasin, S. & Shapiro, S. (1999). A SAMHSA research initiative assessing the effectiveness of jail diversion programs for mentally ill persons. Psychiatric Service, 50, 1620-1623. Link to Commodity.

For about thirty years jail diversion programs have had wide support as a way to forbid people with mental illnesses and substance use disorders from unnecessarily entering the criminal justice arrangement past providing more than appropriate community-based treatment. Although these programs have had wide support, very few systematic outcomes studies have examined their effectiveness. This paper discusses findings on rates of incarceration of persons with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance utilize disorders in U.South. jails, summarizes recently completed research on jail diversion programs, and describes a three-year enquiry initiative begun in 1997 past the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Assistants that uses a standardized protocol to examine the characteristics and outcomes of various types of jail diversion programs in ix sites throughout the U.Due south.

Steadman, H.J., Morris, Due south.Thou., & Dennis, D.L. (1995). The diversion of mentally sick persons from jails to community-based services: A profile of programs. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1630-35. Link to Article.

A major proposal for appropriately treating persons with mental illnesses who have been arrested is to divert them from jail to community-based mental wellness programs. Still, there are few available definitions, guidelines, and principles for developing effective diversion programs. The goal of this inquiry was to determine the number and kinds of jail diversion programs that exist, how they are ready up, and which types of programs are constructive. Methods. On the basis of information gathered during a national mail survey (n = 1263) and follow-up telephone survey of 115 responding jails, 18 sites were selected for on-site interviews based on perceived effectiveness and presence of a formal diversion program. Results. Information are presented from a national sample of jail diversion programs (north = 18). Key factors for developing diversion programs and descriptors of effective programs are presented. Conclusions. It is articulate that controlled, longitudinal studies of these programs' effectiveness, using client-based and organizational outcome measures, are badly needed.

Steadman, H.J., Stainbrook, K.A., Griffin , P., Draine, J., Dupont, R., & Horey, C. (2001). A specialized crisis response site as a core element of law-based diversion programs. Psychiatric Services, 52, 219-222. Link to Article.

Transporting an individual in psychiatric crisis to an emergency section is often frustrating for both constabulary enforcement and mental health professionals. To facilitate collaboration between constabulary and mental heath professionals in crisis cases, some communities have developed prebooking diversion programs that rely on specialized crunch response sites where police can drop off individuals in psychiatric crisis and render to their regular patrol duties. These programs identify detainees with mental disorders and work with diversion staff, community-based providers, and the courts to produce a mental wellness disposition in lieu of jail. This newspaper describes three of the diversion programs participating in the Substance Abuse and Mental Wellness Services Assistants jail diversion cognition development application initiative that demonstrate the importance of specialized crisis response sites. The iii programs are in Memphis, Tennessee; Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; and Multnomah Canton, Oregon. The authors describe important principles in the operation of these programs: existence a highly visible, single point of entry; having a no-refusal policy and streamlined intake for police force cases; establishing legal foundations to detain certain individuals; ensuring innovative, intensive cross-preparation; and linking clients to community services.

Strauss, G., Glenn, G., Reddi P., Afaq, I. , Podolskaya, A., Rybakova, T., et al. (2005). Psychiatric disposition of patients brought in by crisis intervention team police force officers. Community Mental Health Periodical, 41, 223-228. Link to Commodity.

Background: As part of an effort to amend police force interactions with mentally ill citizens, and improve mental health care commitment to subjects in acute distress, the University of Louisville, in conjunction with the Louisville Metro Police, established the crisis intervention squad (CIT). CIT is composed of uniformed officers who receive all-encompassing training in crunch intervention and psychiatric bug and who are preferentially called to investigate police force calls that may involve a mentally sick individual. Methods: In an try to determine the characteristics of the individuals brought to the emergency psychiatric service (EPS) by CIT officers, a comparative (CIT vs. mental inquest warrant [MIW, a denizen-initiated courtroom guild to bring someone for psychiatric evaluation considering of concerns regarding dangerousness] vs non-CIT/not-MIW), descriptive evaluation was performed. Results: With the exception of a college charge per unit of schizophrenic subjects brought in by CIT (43.0% vs. 22.1, non-CIT, P=.002), the demographics, diagnosis, and disposition of CIT-referred subjects were not different in any way from not-CIT patients. Subjects referred on MIWs were more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital than non-MIW patients (71.6 vs. 34.eight, P <.0001), but CIT-referred hospitalization rates were not dissimilar from hospitalization rates of self-referred subjects (20.7 vs. 33.3, ns). Conclusions: CIT officers appear to exercise a good job at identifying patients in need of psychiatric care.

Sullivan Thousand, Han X, Moore S, et al (2006). Disparities in Hospitalization for Diabetes Amid Persons with and without Co-occurring Mental Disorders. Psychiatric Services, 57:1126-31.

Tanous R, Anders D, Raichel, C, et al (2007). The Winding Road to CIT Success: Hurricanes "Katrina" and "Rita" Bringing People Together. Presented at the third Annual CIT Conference, Memphis TN, August 2007.

Teller, J.L.Southward., Munetz, M.R., Gil, K.Thou., & Ritter, C. (2006). Crisis Intervention Team training for police officers responding to mental disturbance calls. Psychiatric Services, 57, 232-237. Link to Article.

OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE:In recognition of the fact that police are often the first responders for individuals who are experiencing a mental illness crisis, police departments nationally are incorporating specialized preparation for officers in collaboration with local mental wellness systems. This report examined police dispatch information before and after implementation of a crisis intervention team (CIT) program to assess the effect of the grooming on officers' disposition of calls. METHODS: The authors analyzed police dispatch logs for two years before and four years afterwards implementation of the CIT program in Akron, Ohio, to make up one's mind monthly average rates of mental disturbance calls compared with the overall rate of calls to the law, disposition of mental disturbance calls by time and training, and the effects of techniques on voluntariness of disposition. RESULTS: Since the training plan was implemented, there has been an increase in the number and proportion of calls involving possible mental illness, an increased rate of transport past CIT-trained officers of persons experiencing mental illness crises to emergency treatment facilities, an increase in ship on a voluntary condition, and no significant changes in the rate of arrests past fourth dimension or preparation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a CIT partnership between the police department, the mental health system, consumers of services, and their family members can aid in efforts to assist persons who are experiencing a mental illness crisis to gain admission to the treatment system, where such individuals most often are best served.

Teplin, L. (2000). Keeping the peace: Police discretion and mentally sick persons. National Establish of Justice Journal, 244, nine-15. Link to Article.

Teplin, L. ( 2001). Police force discretion and persons with mental illness. Community Mental Health Report, i, 37-38, 45-46.*

Teplin, L. & Pruett, Northward. (1992). Police as street corner psychiatrist: managing the mentally sick. International Journal of Constabulary and Psychiatry, 15, 139-156. *

Thompson, Thou.D., Reuland, One thousand, & Souweine, D. (2003). Criminal Justice/Mental Wellness Consensus: Improving responses to people with mental disease. Criminal offence and Delinquency, 49, 30-51. Link to Article.

This article summarizes the impetus for and findings of the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project. This project has been a 2-twelvemonth effort to develop recommendations, which reverberate a bipartisan agreement among the stakeholders in the criminal justice and mental health systems to improve the response to people with mental illness who are involved with--or are at risk of involvement with--the criminal justice system. Stakeholders involved in consultations for the project included land lawmakers, police chiefs, officers, sheriffs, district attorneys, public defenders, judges, courtroom administrators, state corrections directors, customs corrections officials, victim advocates, consumers of mental wellness services, family members and other mental health advocates, county commissioners, state mental health directors, behavioral health care providers, and substance abuse experts. The success of the project will hinge largely on how effectively these flexible guidelines are shaped and molded to see the particular needs inside various jurisdictions throughout the state.

Thorward, S. R. (2003). Crisis Intervention team (CIT) Training sees firsthand results. Link to Article.

Torres, C. & Valdes, G. (2002, June 12). Collaborative crisis intervention and alternatives to incarceration for persons with mental illness. The Council. Link to Article.

Torrey, E.F., Steiber, J., Ezekiel, J., Wolfe, S.M., Sharfstein, J., & Flynn, L.One thousand. (1992). Criminalizing the seriously mentally ill: The abuse of jails as mental hospitals. Innovations & Research, 2, xi-14. Washington , DC : Public Citizens Wellness Research Group.

Treatment Advocacy Center (2005). Briefing paper: Law enforcement and people with severe mental illnesses. Link to Article.

Tucker, A.S., Van Hasselt, 5.B., Russell, S.A. (2008). Police force enforcement response to the mentally ill: An evaluative review. Brief Handling and Crisis Intervention, viii(3): 236-250.

Turnbaugh, D. (1999). Crisis Intervention Teams: Curing Police Problems with the Mentally Ill. The Police Main, 52(2), 52-54.

Academy of Memphis CIT Center (2007). CIT national directory. University of Memphis CIT Heart web site, 2007. Link to Article.

Ustun TB (2000). Mainstreaming Mental Health. Message of the World Health Organization, 78:412, 2000

Vermette, H. S., Pinals, D. A., & Appelbaum, P. South. (2005). Mental wellness training for law enforcement professionals. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33, 42- 46. Link to Article.

The purpose of this pilot study was to decide topics of involvement and preferred modalities of training for constabulary officers in their piece of work with persons with mental illness. Police officers beyond Massachusetts attention in-service mental health training were asked to rate the importance of potential mental health topics and the effectiveness of potential grooming modalities on a Likert-type scale. Boosted data nerveless included the officer'southward experience, level of education, motivation for attendance, previous attendance of post-university mental wellness training, and preferences for length, frequency, training site, and trainer qualifications. A t exam was used to determine if there were significant differences (p < .05) between those who volunteered and those who were mandated to attend the training. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to determine if there were significant differences (p < .05) between mental wellness topics and lecture formats and to determine the effect of education and experience on the results. Although all topics suggested were rated, primarily, as adequately of import, the topics of Dangerousness, Suicide past Cop, Decreasing Suicide Risk, Mental Wellness Law, and Your Potential Liability for Bad Outcomes were given the highest ratings. Role-playing was rated significantly lower than other grooming modalities, while Videos and Small Group Discussion had the highest mean scores. Level of prior didactics had no significant effect on the ratings, simply officers with more than feel rated the importance of mental affliction as a training topic significantly college than officers with less experience. This survey suggests that police officers are interested in learning more about working with persons with mental affliction and view it equally an important attribute of the job.

Vickers, B. (2000). Memphis , Tennessee , Law Department's Crunch Intervention Squad, Bulletin From the Field Practitioner Perspectives. Link to Commodity.

Waldman, West., Gilmore, K., & Maschi, T. (2004, September 20). Individuals with mental disease in the Camden Canton Criminal Justice System: An analysis of the implications of a tragedy and recommendations for cantankerous systems improvements. The Camden Mental Health and Criminal Justice Report, 1-36.

Walsh, J. & Holt, D. (1999). Jail diversion for people with psychiatric disabilities: The sheriffs perspective. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23, 153-160. Link to Article.

The limited availability of community treatment for people with psychiatric disabilities bas led to an increase in their rates of arrest. Mental wellness treatment is non office of the mission of jails, and the specific needs of these people may go unserved, with a consequent risk of symptom relapse. The present study was undertaken to solicit the perspectives of Virginia sheriffs, who regularly arbitrate with this group, on the potential for diversion programs to reduce the jailing and recidivism of people with psychiatric disabilities. The results indicate that sheriffs have many constructive suggestions for diversion strategies and, in partnership with mental health professionals, could develop programs that better facilitate the rehabilitation of people and contain costs for both systems.

Watson, A.C., Corrigan, P.W., Ottati, 5. (2004). Law officers' attitudes toward and decisions well-nigh persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 55, 49-53. Link to Commodity.

A meaning portion of police piece of work involves contact with persons who have mental illness. This report examined how noesis that a person has a mental illness influences police officers' perceptions, attitudes, and responses. METHODS: A full of 382 police force officers who were taking a multifariousness of in-service preparation courses were randomly assigned one of eight hypothetical vignettes describing a person in need of assistance, a victim, a witness, or a suspect who either was labeled as having schizophrenia or for whom no data near mental was provided. These officers completed measures that evaluated their perceptions and attitudes almost the person described in the vignette. RESULTS: A 4x ii multivariate analysis of variance (vignette role by characterization) examining main and interaction effects on all subscales of the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ) indicated significant main furnishings for schizophrenia characterization, vignette part, and the interaction between the 2. Subsequent univariate analyses of variance indicated significant main effects for role on all seven subscales of the AQ and for label on all but the acrimony and brownie subscales. Significant role-by-label interaction effects were plant for the responsibleness, pity, and credibility subscales. CONCLUSION: Police officers viewed persons with schizophrenia as being less responsible for their state of affairs, more worthy of help, and more than dangerous than persons for whom no mental illness information was provided.

Watson, A.C., Morabito, M.S., Draine, J., & Ottati, 5. (2008). Improving police response to persons with mental illness: A multi-level conceptualization of CIT. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(4): 359-368.

Wolff, N. (1998). Interactions between mental wellness and law enforcement systems: Bug and prospects for cooperation. Journal of Health and Politics, Policy, and Law, 23, 133-174. Link to Article.

The article focuses on the difficulties of coordinating the roles of the mental health and law enforcement agencies, working with people with astringent mental illness, while examining the challenges posed past arrangement specialization in the United States. Factors which make these agencies seem ineffective and inefficient; How specialization and mutual interdependency tin can undermine the effectiveness of the community service network.

Woody, M. (2005, Summer). The art of de-escalation. The Journal, 26-62. Retrieved July 17, 2006, from Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine Sectionalization of Clinical Sciences. The Journal, 26-62. Link to Article.

Woody, M. S. (2003, January 6). Dutiful Minds-Dealing with mental illness. Link to Article.

Zager L (1990). Individuals with mental Affliction in Shelby County Jails. Report to Shelby County Government, Memphis TN, 1990

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Source: http://cit.memphis.edu/publications.html

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